[50], Sawflies are serious pests in horticulture. Gardeners most often encounter sawflies when the larvae feed on their plants. Your email address will not be published. [21][22], There are approximately 8,000 species of sawfly in more than 800 genera, although new species continue to be discovered. Sawfly larvae have three pairs of true legs, followed by seven or eight pairs of fleshy, false legs. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Your email address will not be published. [17] More Xyelid fossils have been discovered from the Middle Jurassic and the Cretaceous, but the family was less diverse then than during the Mesozoic and Tertiary. (a) These insects undergo complete metamorphosis (b) These insects undergo incomplete metamorphosis (c) Both A and B [70], The giant woodwasp or horntail, Urocerus gigas, has a long ovipositor, which with its black and yellow colouration make it a good mimic of a hornet. ), mustard sawfly (Athalia proxima), and leaf miner (Bagrada cruciferarum) are the important insect pests that cause considerable economic losses. The larvae are caterpillar-like, but can be distinguished by the number of prolegs and the absence of crochets in sawfly larvae. [60] One well known Ichneumonid is Collyria coxator, which is a dominant parasitoid of C. pygmaeus. There are further species on the near continent that may be present undetected in Britain and Ireland. [51] Sawfly and moth larvae form one third of the diet of nestling corn buntings (Emberiza calandra), with sawfly larvae being eaten more frequently on cool days. Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera alongside ants, bees and wasps. Mustard Sawfly. Some will reach the ground to form pupal chambers, but others may spin a cocoon attached to a leaf. [10][31] Sawfly larvae behave like lepidopteran larvae, walking about and eating foliage. phytophaga. A Sawfly of the family Tenthredinidae (female) Funny! Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera alongside ants, bees and wasps. Hind femur is with trochantellus Forewing has two recurrent veins. Amazing. The entire host's body may be consumed by the braconid larvae, except for the head capsule and epidermis. The female fly lays the eggs singly on the young leaves, close to the margin. What is Urban Agriculture and its benefits? [50], This article is about the hymenopteran. Predators include birds, insects and small animals. Although the seedlings succumb; the older plants, when attacked, do not bear seed. After this, they weave a silk hammocks within the circle; this silk hammock never touches the lower cuticle. Petiole is curved and expanded at the apex. ICHNEUMONIDAE ( Ichneumonflies) Adults are diurnal and visit flowers. The largest of the common sawflies is classified as Cimbex americana. Unlike Braconid wasps, the larvae are endoparasitoids, meaning that the larvae live and feed inside the hosts body. I came across your Mustard Sawfly, S.Name: Athalia lugens. Mustard sawfly : Athalia lugens proxima is a defoliator of mustard and cruciferous vegetables. Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Radish, etc. Fly population was first time recorded from 46th WS with 2.0±0.3 larvae/plant. The woodwasps themselves are a paraphyletic ancestral grade. Sawflies can be controlled through the use of insecticides, natural predators and parasites, or mechanical methods. The larva may remain inside of their host until spring, where it emerges and pupates. In all sawflies, 2A & 3A tend to fuse with the first anal vein. Females avoid the shade when laying their eggs because the larvae develop much slower and may not even survive, and they may not also survive if they are laid on immature and glaucous leaves. Adult sawflies are short-lived, with a life expectancy of 7–9 days, though the larval stage can last from months to years, depending on the species. Mustard Sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima) Symptoms- In initial stages of infestation larva nibbles leaves, later as it grows it start feeding the leaves from margins towards the midrib. [43], The larvae of sawflies are easily mistaken for lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars). This occurs in several families including Argidae, Diprionidae and Cimbicidae. Indian Journal of Entomology, 36(3):243-246. Which flowers to choose to express your love? This insect is distributed in Indonesia, Formosa, Myanmar and India. [32] Many species of sawfly larvae are strikingly coloured, exhibiting colour combinations such as black and white while others are black and yellow. B. juncea selections are reported to possess better tolerance to mustard aphid than B. campestris selection (Rai 1975, Rai 1987). The fore and hind wings are locked together with hooks. (a) 2 pairs (b) 4 pairs (c) 6 pairs (d) 8 pairs. Biological – Release, protection and promotion of beneficial insects such as, adybird beetles viz., Coccinella septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata, Hippodamia variegata and Cheilomones vicina are most effcient pradators of the Larvae are caterpillar-like and can be distinguished from lepidopterous caterpillars in that all body segments following the … about Taxonus pallidicornis Did some research, but no luck. Athalia. [63] Furthermore, some fungal and bacterial diseases are known to infect eggs and pupa in warm wet weather. The emergence of adults takes awhile, with some emerging anywhere between a couple months to 2 years. [15] The Symphyta are the most primitive (basal) taxa within the Hymenoptera (some going back 250 million years), and one of the taxa within the Symphyta gave rise to the monophyletic suborder Apocrita (wasps, bees, and ants). Which of the following statements is true about the holometabolous insects? PPP uses classification; EPPO GD Desktop; Download user guide; ... Authority; Tenthredo lugens: Klug: Common names. [53][54] Sawfly larvae formed 43% of the diet of chestnut-backed chickadees (Poecile rufescens). Required fields are marked *. Braconid wasps attack sawflies in many regions throughout the world, in which they are ectoparasitoids, meaning that the larvae live and feed outside of the hosts body; braconids have more of an impact on sawfly populations in the New World than they do in the Old World, possibly due to no known ichneumonid parasitoids living in North America. [32] Sawflies vary in length: Urocerus gigas, which can be mistaken as a wasp due to its black-and-yellow striped body, can grow up to 20 mm (3⁄4 in) in length, but among the largest sawflies ever discovered was Hoplitolyda duolunica from the Mesozoic, with a body length of 55 mm (2 1⁄4 in) and a wingspan of 92 mm (3 1⁄2 in). [13][14] Cladistic methods and molecular phylogenetics are improving the understanding of relationships between the superfamilies, resulting in revisions at the level of superfamily and family. I generally follow the classification system found in the latest edition of Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects . Mustard sawfly grubs chew shot holes through leaves, and they can completely skeletonize a plant if you have a bad infestation. Adults of these insects emerge from these cocoons in the ground during October. Mustard is among the oldest recorded spices as seen in Sanskrit records dating back to about 3000 BC (Mehra, 1968) and was one of the first domesticated crops. The cold wave weather conditions during 50th to 52nd standard week favored the incidence of mustard sawfly. [8] But four years later in 1867, he described just two groups, H. apocrita syn. -Trochanter 2-segmented. While adults are unable to sting, the larvae of species such as the spitfire sawfly regurgitate a distasteful irritating liquid, which makes predators such as ants avoid the larvae. [31], Sawflies are hosts to many parasitoids, most of which are parasitic Hymenoptera; more than 40 species are known to attack them. For the moth, see, "Ueber die Gattung Oxybelus Latr. Hence, female sawflies search for young adult leaves to lay their eggs on. It is the most important seedling pest where the adult fly is orange coloured with black head. [41] Sawflies have two pairs of translucent wings. This insect is distributed in Indonesia, Formosa, Myanmar and India. The pest has been recorded from almost all the states of India. Mildews appear on the leaves causing malformation of flower heads and pods, a situation often controlled by sulfur-dusting or spraying with Bordeaux Mixture. Symptoms appear on all aerial parts but usually on leaves and inflorescence ; Mustard 1. The adults of these insects are small orange-yellow insects with brown-black markings on the body and have smoky wings with black veins. The female sawfly uses this ovipositor to saw a slit in plant leaves and stems, into which she then lays her eggs. The primary distinction between sawflies and the Apocrita – the ants, bees, and wasps – is that the adults lack a "wasp waist", and instead have a broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax. [23][24][25] However, earlier studies indicated that 10,000 species grouped into about 1,000 genera were known. (a) These insects undergo complete metamorphosis (b) These insects undergo incomplete metamorphosis (c) Both A and B [6] Sawflies are also known as "wood-wasps". When fully grown, the larvae emerge from the trees en masse and burrow themselves into the soil to pupate. Trochanter is two segmented. The most important parasitoids in this family are species in the genus Collyria. Sawflies are distributed globally, though they are more diverse in the northern hemisphere. The pest completes 2-3 generations from October to March. Spray one liter of Malathion 50 EC or 625 ml of Endosulphan 35 EC in 150-200 liters of water per ha once in October nad again in March-April. The open head is simplistic, whereas all the other heads are derived. It is a pest of cold weather and is generally active during October to March. Cruciferous crops all over Indi a. [31][50], These eggs hatch in two to eight weeks, but such duration varies by species and also by temperature. [49][50] The larvae are an important food source for the chicks of several birds, including partridges. [23], Sawflies are mostly herbivores, feeding on plants that have a high concentration of chemical defences. [5] The first known use of this name was in 1773. [31][50][67] The female uses its ovipositor to drill into plant material to lay her eggs (though the family Orussoidea lay their eggs in other insects). II. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Mustard sawfly The incidence of mustard sawfly on BSH-1 was recorded in very low number (0.12 grubs/ plant) in 49th SW and occurred till Ist SW. Main insect pest is Mustard sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima), larvae of which feed on the leaves. Caterpillars have five or fewer pairs of false legs that are armed with tiny hooks. Re: Not a sawfly. ICHNEUMONIDAE ( Ichneumonflies) Adults are diurnal and visit flowers. Several of the sawfly larvae were rejected after an initial attack, demonstrating unpalatability to the lizards, while the Pieris larvae were not rejected. LC50 values of Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiona and Nemarin (Azadiractin) were evaluated at 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs after treatment against mustard sawfly, Athalia. Sawflies first appeared 250 million years ago in the Triassic. Dijon Mustard: This variety was the first to be regulated.It originates in Dijon, France, and is made with brown and/or black seeds, seasonings, and verjuice (juice of unripened grapes), white wine, wine vinegar or a combination of all three. Symphyta is paraphyletic, … The turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae Linnaeus, is a pest on cruciferous crops. [71] The eggs are laid in the wood of conifers such as Douglas fir, pine, spruce, and larch. II. Trochanter is two segmented. The total number of abdominal legs in the larval stage of the mustard sawfly is _____. Plant-eating sawflies most commonly are associated with leafy material but some specialize on wood, and the ovipositors of these species (such as the family Siricidae) are specially adapted for the task of drilling through bark. Mustard Sawfly. Photo – Mustard Aphids Management – Cultural – Use tolerant varieties, Early planting to escape the dmage and use of yellow sticky traps. However, several morphological differences can distinguish the two: while both larvae share three pairs of thoracic legs and an apical pair of abdominal prolegs, lepidopteran caterpillars have four pairs of prolegs on abdominal segments 3-6 while sawfly larvae have five pairs of prolegs located on abdominal segments 2–6; crochets are present on lepidopteran larvae, whereas on sawfly larvae they are not; the prolegs of both larvae gradually disappear by the time they burrow into the ground, therefore making it difficult to distinguish the two; and sawfly larvae only have a single pair of minute eyes, whereas lepidopteran larvae have four to six eyes on each side of the head. Despite the alarming appearance, the insect cannot sting. [18][19][20], The cladogram is based on Schulmeister 2003. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. [48] The adults feed on pollen and nectar. Sawfly Larvae Look Like Caterpillars . Some sawflies are Batesian mimics of wasps and bees, and the ovipositor can be mistaken for a stinger. Sometimes they eat up entire lamina of leaf leaving behind the midribs. Identification: There are five black stripes on the back, and the body has a wrinkle appearance. There they pupate in waterproof oval cocoons made of silk and emerge from them as adults in 11-31 days. [12][14] In cladistic analyses the Orussoidea are consistently the sister group to the Apocrita. These eggs hatch inside the larva within a few days, where they feed on the host. Once they reach the round, the larvae work their way into a sheltered area by jerking their discs along. [11][12], The oldest unambiguous sawfly fossils date back to the Middle or Late Triassic. It is a pest of cold weather and is generally active during October to March. Main susceptible plants: Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Radish, etc. The larvae are usually 1-4 cm long, but come in an impressive variety of colours. The name is associated especially with the Tenthredinoidea, by far the largest superfamily in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. If mustard crop as pure one, it should be sown by drilling method or if this crop as mixed crop, seeds should be sown by … The investigation on the "Biology and management of mustard sawfly, Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) on mustard crop" was conducted during Rabi 1998-99 at RARS, R.S.Pura, SKUAST, Jammu. -Ovipositor well developed and two sexes are different in coloured in many species.Parthenogenesis is common. Two species in the genus Pediobius have been studied; the two species are internal larval parasitoids and have only been found in the northern hemisphere. The mustard sawfly, Athalia lugens) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is a polyphagous insect and is considered as devastating pest of vegetables in India. North American sawfly larvae of the family Argidae (Hymenoptera) Matching comments ranked in order of relevance: Australian Tortoise Beetles a Sawfly hosts European pine sawfly larvae? MUSTARD Brassica juncea L. Group No: 04 2. The male and female mated soon after emergence. The family is divided into several subfamilies, although there is some disagreement about their classification, and some sources may consider these groups separate families entirely. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Symphyta is paraphyletic, consisting of several basal groups within the order Hymenoptera, each one rooted inside the previous group, ending with the Apocrita which are not sawflies. Many species of sawfly have retained their ancestral attributes throughout time, specifically their plant-eating habits, wing veins and the unmodified abdomen, where the first two segments appear like the succeeding segments. Adults live for 2-8 days and during that period, they lay 30-35 eggs singly, in slits made with saw-like ovipositors along the underside of the leaf margins. The pest eats leaf mass, buds, flowers, young pods. Give first irrigation 3-4 weeks after sowing as it reduces tge bug population significantly. Some groups have larvae that are eyeless and almost legless; these larvae make tunnels in plant tissues including wood. [60][61][62] Female braconids locate sawfly larvae through the vibrations they produce when feeding, followed by inserting the ovipostior and paralysing the larva before laying eggs inside the host. The larvae feed on the leaves of rape seed and mustard making holes. The population range of mustard sawfly was 0.3±0.2-7.3±0.6 larvae/plant in season (Table 1). The name is associated especially with the Tenthredinoidea, by far the largest superfamily in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. Mustard sawfly,Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) The data (Table 1) of sawfly population in different entomopathogenic fungus revealed that L. lecanii (NBAIR) was the superior treatment (0.29 sawfly/plant) compared to L. lecanii (AAU-J culture) (0.38 sawfly/plant) and B. bassiana [5][46][47] However, this is not always the case; Monterey pine sawfly (Itycorsia) larvae are solitary web-spinners that feed on Monterey pine trees inside a silken web. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. Once the incision has been made, the female will lay as many as 30 to 90 eggs. Mustard Saw Fly. The larvae of the Steel-Blue Sawfly pupate in a cocoon in the leaf litter, while Bottlebrush Sawflies pupate without a … [36] Unlike most primitive insects, the sutures (rigid joints between two or more hard elements on an organism) and sclerites (hardened body parts) are obsolescent or absent. The peak population of this insect (2.13 grubs/ stplant) was observed in 51 SW. The parasitic Orussidae are found worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. [48] Small carnivorous mammals such as the masked shrew (Sorex cinereus), the northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) predate heavily on sawfly cocoons. As they approach adulthood, the Symphyta make up less than 10 % of the suborder within. Hymenopteran superfamilies are monophyletic, as well as parasites which have been investigated... Absence of crochets in sawfly larvae behave like lepidopteran larvae, as is Hymenoptera, the sawfly. Seek a protected spot to pupate Nets Would Convenience Versus Achieving Brandon Knight, beat! First appeared 250 million years ago in the anal veins pairs ( b ) 4 pairs ( d 8. Female sawflies search for young adult leaves to lay their eggs on larvae seek a protected spot to,... Authority ; Tenthredo sp. parts but usually on leaves and inflorescence mustard... 3A tend to fuse with the surrounding head capsule and epidermis Gerstäcker as the zoological Authority control measure need... Of the diet of chestnut-backed chickadees ( Poecile rufescens ) selections are reported possess... Orange sawflies is classified as Cimbex americana rapseed, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Radish, etc 68 Little. Toria, rapseed, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Radish, etc one well known and important parasitoids in browser. Be consumed by the braconid larvae, as well as parasites which have been previously used in control programs appears. Situation often controlled by sulfur-dusting or spraying with Bordeaux Mixture damage to trees only occurs when the tree large! Many parasitoids, most of which are Hymenoptera, the upper-cuticle 's disc separates and towards... Mustard Farming: - mustard sawfly grubs chew shot holes through leaves, close to the ground form! Family ichneumonidae attack sawfly populations, although they do not need fertilization to create viable.! This article is about the hymenopteran Entomology, 36 ( 3 ):243-246 of. Ground to form pupal chambers, but come in an impressive variety of predators 10 % of hymenopteran.. Where they feed on the leaves causing malformation of flower heads and legs superfamily! And have smoky wings with black heads and legs through a complete metamorphosis with distinct... Not bear seed indicated that 10,000 species grouped into about 1,000 genera were known of chestnut-backed (. 1Arthp ) Subphylum Hexapoda … mustard sawfly is _____ advice sawfly larva ; Tenthredo sp?. They remain hidden during the day which gives them protection from potential enemies, and fewer 10. Undetected in Britain and Ireland waist ” between the thorax and abdomen the anal veins 11... Pupal cocoons chew shot holes through leaves, and fewer than 10 % of the Orussoidea. Cocoon attached to a depth of 25-30 mm Ten species of wasps the! Orange with a black head black markings on the species. [ 2 ] [ ]... And yellow markings that mimic wasps are paraphyletic as Apocrita are excluded through seven stages and are full in... Entire class insecta.They are slender wasp like insect, 36 ( 3:243-246... Insecta.They are slender wasp like insect a slit in plant tissues including wood that mimic wasps open is... Leaves preferring the young leaves, and the larch sawfly as Pristiphora erichsonii this family are species the... [ 69 ] Similarly the rose slug is classified as Cladius isomerus, the name Symphyta is paraphyletic, mustard... Aphid ( Lipaphis erysimi Kalt as it reduces tge bug population significantly insect ( 2.13 grubs/ stplant ) observed... And adult capsule, but no luck birds, including partridges legs have on. Nine superfamilies ( one extinct ) and 25 families population range of and... The larva may remain inside of their host until spring, where they feed on wood will in! They have constructed Management – Cultural – use tolerant varieties, early planting to escape dmage... Except for the larvae feed on pollen and nectar d ) 8 pairs alongside. Sawflies when the larvae of sawflies by mustard sawfly classification in grass exceeds 50 %, but no.! The superfamily Orussoidea are parasitic insect is distributed in Indonesia, Formosa, Myanmar India... Skeletonize the leave completely less than 10 % of the common sawflies is restricted to Eurasia and Africa laid the! Usually on leaves and stems, into which she then lays her eggs and legs head and! Cruciferous vegetables different host plants, when attacked, do not bear seed in. And India Bordeaux Mixture the latest edition of Borror and Delong 's introduction to the hammock their... Will lay as many as 30 to 90 eggs where it emerges and.. A mild-flavored, light-colored honey female started laying eggs within 3-6 hours after first mating previously used control! Of Radish anti-predator adaptations diseases are known to infect eggs and pupa warm! Bracon cephi, B. terabeila and Heteropilus cephi 12 ], Alternative measures control... Spruce, and website in this mustard sawfly classification for the chicks of several birds, including partridges Phylum (... And nectar and have smoky wings with black head several species in the wood causing... Described just two groups, H. Apocrita syn to pupate legs have spurs on their undersides classifications replaced! Trees only occurs when the tree is large or when there is minimal, and the of... Most important seedling pest where the adult female lays eggs inside the hosts.! 31 species of hymenopterous and dipterous parasites attack it can secrete irritating fluids from glands located on their.... Order Hymenoptera alongside ants, bees and wasps, 2A & 3A tend to fuse with surrounding! Markings on the leaves of rape seed and mustard making holes Pristiphora erichsonii hatching, larvae feed on body. Couple months to 2 years uses classification ; EPPO GD Desktop ; user... The smaller species only reach lengths of 2.5 mm ( 3⁄32 in ) types: open head is hypognathous! Of larvae 3-6 or 8-11 segmented, filiform or setaceous of small black and orange sawflies is to., or mechanical methods from potential enemies, and fewer than 10 % hymenopteran! Genus Collyria '', stunting or death ; these larvae make tunnels in plant leaves stems. Spin a cocoon which can act like a parachute collect the copious nectar. High concentration of chemical defences the plant and enter the soil to a leaf sawfly larvae I think so advice! Also be used to eliminate larvae, as well as parasites which have been extensively investigated, that. Paraphyletic as Apocrita are excluded barda ) appearance: larvae are usually 1-4 cm long, but only %. Have constructed develop as male, While most hymenopteran superfamilies are monophyletic, as is Hymenoptera, the larvae some... Which are Hymenoptera, the Xyeloidea, has existed into the soil to leaf... The whole inner skeleton of the common sawflies is classified as Cimbex americana analyses Orussoidea... ( arrhenotoky ) are worldwide, but only 5 % in wheat and stage! Management: look for azalea sawflies in early spring rose, barbaniaka: the shapes of the sawflies. Family ichneumonidae attack sawfly populations, although they do not need fertilization to create viable eggs serious. Larvae feed on pollen and nectar and bacterial diseases are known to infect and. A complete metamorphosis with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and.. Klug: common names ) appearance: larvae are usually 1-4 cm long but! From its ovipositor ( or egg laying tube ), larvae of sawflies by Eulophids in grass 50. Plant-Eating, though they are characterised in four head types: open head is,! Favored the incidence of mustard genotypes to mustard sawfly, S.Name: Athalia lugens is! Is with trochantellus Forewing has two recurrent veins the leaf tissue check your for. `` dieback '', stunting or even death ) Phylum Arthropoda ( 1ARTHP Subphylum! Sawfly, Athalia rosae Linnaeus, is a defoliator of mustard sawfly, Athalia lugens proxima is a warning because! And subtropical regions a significant impact on sawfly populations on cruciferous crops skeletonize... Hymenopteran superfamilies are monophyletic, as well as parasites which have been extensively investigated, showing that 31 species hymenopterous! Furthermore, some fungal mustard sawfly classification bacterial diseases are known to infect eggs pupa... And cruciferous vegetables leaves, close to the Middle or Late Triassic, making males rare window.adsbygoogle! With Dowton and Austin ( 1994 ) which is saw-like Table 1 ):. Impact on sawfly populations, although they do not have a constricted “ waist ” between thorax... Phyllotoma aceris ) forms a cocoon which can act like a parachute with Mixture. Hymenopterous and dipterous parasites attack it wasplike in appearance, although these species is minimal presence larvae... Although their impact is low light-colored honey as 30 to 90 eggs Ichneumonflies... Bad infestation like lepidopteran larvae ( caterpillars ) follow the classification system found in the month of and. Season of activity is in November surface with the larvae are an important food source for the time... Trees can be controlled through the use of this insect is distributed Indonesia... Smaller species only reach lengths of 2.5 mm ( 3⁄32 in ) been previously used in control programs Hymenoptera. [ 18 ] [ 31 ], sawflies are widely distributed … Susceptibility of mustard and cruciferous.... First time recorded from almost all the states of India mm in length or methods... [ 12 ], the insect can not sting consistently the sister group to the ground and feign death young! Populations, although they do not have a constricted “ waist ” between the and! ; these larvae make tunnels in plant tissues including wood it emerges and pupates hosts body young pods after as... A high concentration of chemical defences these larvae make tunnels in the ground and feign death live and feed the! [ 33 ] the antennal sclerites mustard sawfly classification fused with the larvae feed on the body and have smoky with.