The participants were later asked to pick out the person they saw leave the room with the knife/pen from 50 photographs. Evidence: Deffenbacher et al concluded from meta-analysis that anxiety levels that are too low or too high negatively affect EWT accuracy suggesting that eyewitness testimony is impaired if a person becomes too anxious. People who are not at all stressed, and people who are very stressed will be less accurate eyewitnesses that those who are under a moderate amount of stress. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Because of this study and other studies psychologist suggest that the accuracy of eyewitness suggest that information given from them is far less reliable than we might have first thought. A01: Loftus and Palmer (1974). identified. There are factors that affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony such as emotions, fundamental attribution bias, face recognition in other races, leading questions and many more. This shows that in real life eyewitness testimony anxiety can heighten the accuracy of recall (Christian and Hubbinette, 1993) whereas Loftus (1979) suggested that anxiety particularly posed by a weapon may decrease recall accuracy. This section of the essay will evaluate the effect of these factors on the reliability of eyewitness testimony. During the acquisition process, there are a number of factors that can affect an eyewitness’ report of an event. Why are so many eyewitnesses mistaken? * Loftus et al... ...Eyewitness Testimony 1 There are factors that affect the truth of eyewitness testimony such as emotions. Abstract . Discuss Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony Essay Sample. Some * Anxiety The term ‘eye witness testimony' refers to the of exploration into the accuracy and reliability of storage concerning significant events, ... Outline and Evaluate Factors Influencing Eye Witness Testimony Essay. However, other research (e.g., Foster et al; Christianson and Hubinette) into real-life incidents involving high levels of stress, have shown that in such situations, memory can be detailed, accurate and long-lasting. Outline And Evaluate Factors Influencing Eye Witness Testimony Harvard Case Study Solution and Analysis of Harvard Business Case Studies Solutions – Assignment HelpIn most courses studied at Harvard Business schools, students are provided with a case study. Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: misleading information, ... the individual believes that the post-event information is in fact the original memory and falsely report this during testimony questioning. Laboratory study Loftus (1979) asked participants to wait outside a room before the study began. eight picture line-up. Evaluation, AO3 of Loftus (1979) research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of EWTeval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'psychologyhub_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',112,'0','0'])); (1) Point: Further research from Deffenbacher et al (1983) supports the suggestion that anxiety affects the accuracy of EWT. Outline and evaluate research into the effects of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. However, misleading information in the real world can come from other sources, for example other witnesses (co-witnesses), when they discuss the details of a crime of accident, following an incident. Discuss using research and/ or psychological theory to support your views. ‘Outline and evaluate research into eyewitness testimony.’ ... one of the main factors is the role of anxiety. Thirdly, anxiety research raises ethical issues. sleep deprivation they were interrogated. Every year, more than 75,000 eyewitnesses identify criminal suspects in the U.S., and studies suggest that as many as a third of them are wrong. There are three phases of the memory process: Encoding, Storage, and... ... Eye witness testimony (EWT) is regularly a deciding factor for courts in the criminal justice system to ‘prove’ the guilt or innocence of the criminally accused. These factors include characteristics of the witness, characteristics of the witnessed event, characteristics of testimony, lineup content, lineup instructions, and methods of testing. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Factors affecting Eyewitness Testimony. Outline and evaluate research into the effects of age of witnesses on accuracy of eyewitness testimony (12 marks) I don't really know what to write for this question. Factors Affecting the Accuracy of EWT Description, AO1 – Anxiety and EWT: There is conflicting evidence about the effect of stress and anxiety on the accuracy of EWT (i.e., the accuracy of witness recall). There is evidence to support that anxiety helps eye witness testimony. ... 06 Outline and briefly evaluate locus of control as an explanation of resistance to social influence. Deffenbacher (1983) was one of the first to investigate the link between anxiety and EWT and after reviewing 21 studies, he found that accuracy is poor when emotional arousal is either high or low, but is better under conditions of moderate arousal. Word Count = 799 (Not including headings and bibliography) More than 2,000 studies on eyewitnesses in recent decades have determined that recollections are prone to decay, distortion, and suggestion. Both of these models propose that memory is a complex phenomenon that must go... ...Should eyewitness testimony be used as evidence in a court of law? Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: misleading information, including leading questions and post-event discussion; anxiety. Improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, including the use of the cognitive interview. and Memon et al. One of the key findings is that EWT is often inaccurate and is affected by various factors; one being age. Eyewitness testimonies’ have been considered a credible source in the past, but have recently come under attack as forensics now support psychologists in their claim that memories and individual perceptions are unreliable; as they are easily manipulated, altered, and biased. This includes information about the perpetrator(s) as well as information about the crime and crime scene. We review major developments in the experimental literature concerning the way that various factors relate to the accuracy of eyewitness identification. Half of them were threatened with physical harm and An illustration of the affect factors such as prima inquiries can hold on eyewitness testimonies is … * Unpleasant emotional state where we fear that something bad is about to happen usually accompanied by physiological arousal (pumping heart) Perhaps the issue at hand was not important to us at the time, and 11. Grantham University In lieu of an abstract, below is the article's first paragraph. Choosing 3 studies, perhaps 1 lab study and 2 real life ones, and describing them in simple paragraphs would be sufficient. However, inaccuracies in EWT are common, accounting for about 75% of incorrect convictions later found to be innocent using DNA evidence. This information is then delivered by the bystander in a courtroom, where the jury must pay special attention and may even come to a decision based on this, somewhat reliable piece of evidence. 74% of these 300 cases resulted in criminal convictions. Eyewitness testimony is the account a bystander gives in the courtroom, describing what they perceived happened during the specific incident under investigation. Loftus and Palmer were interested to see how something as simple as a misleading question affected those who were taken as eyewitnesses. Witness confidenc… ... (12 marks)“Outline and evaluate research into how anxiety effects eye witness testimony” (12 marks) Post-event discussion. This is known as post-event discussion. Ideally this recollection of events is detailed; however this is not always the case. Yuille and Cutshall interviewed people who had witnessed a real life shooting and found that recall was very accurate despite high levels of anxiety, however, the people who were subjected to the highest levels of anxiety were nearest to the incident so would have been able to see more clearly what happened. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. They found that more dramatic words can influence someone’s memory when asked to recall a situation, even after a week they found that the whole word had influenced their whole memory. Eye witness testimonies are affected by a number of factors, but the one that I am going to focus on is anxiety. Eyewitness testimony is admissible in a court of law to assist in the conviction of individuals. I just have no idea what to write for AO2! ...Eye Witness Testimony Please join StudyMode to read the full document. military members in a mock prisoner of war camp. (1) Point: Research has contradicted Loftus’ study suggesting that anxiety can improve the accuracy of EWT. This is solely because human memory is fragile and malleable. Outline and evaluate the effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony AO1 AO2 Yerkes Dodson law – states that there is an optimum level of anxiety for accurate eyewitness testimony. Condition 1 heard what they believed to be an amicable discussion about equipment failure, after which a man came out with greasy hands, holding a pen. This recollection is used as evidence to show what happened from a witness' point of view. They found that increased arousal led to improvements in the accuracy of recall. Critically evaluate the cognitive approach to psychology Pages: 7 (1574 words) Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to abnormality Pages: 3 (550 words) The Cognitive Interview and Eyewitness Credibility Pages: 7 (1544 words) 04 Identify three variables affecting conformity and outline how eachof these was investigated in Asch’s experiment. One source of misleading information comes from leading questions. Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. Project that stated 75% of the 218 people exonerated on the basis of DNA were mistakenly They interviewed witnesses to a real life shooting. The model attempts to identify the process that a stimulus must go through to become a retrievable memory. convicted. Post-event discussion is information added t… These researchers investigated the impact of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, where the wording/ phrasing of a certain question leads the interviewee to a certain response. Objectives: To be able to outline factors affecting eyewitness testimony including leading questions. Although, eyewitness are relied on frequently there is strong research to suggest it isn’t as reliable as we may think. Eye witness testimony is a legal term for evidence which is supplied by people who witness a specific event and then have to rely on their memory to recall the situation as best as they can. One factor that is thought to have a significant effect on eyewitness memory is the degree of emotional arousal or stress experienced by the witness during the crime. Research into this area has found that eyewitness testimony can be affected by many psychological factors including anxiety and stress, reconstructive memory and also the use of leading questions. 6 AO1 marks would come from a description of relevant research studies. Key Word. I have the AO1 bit down - I have written about studies by Flin et al. A study showing the effect of age on EWT was carried out by Flin et al, he asked children and adults the same questions about an incident they had witnessed, one day after the event and then again after five … Eyewitness testimony can create a number of problems for police and prosecutors. Factors affecting Eye witness testimony- Memory (2.05) Psychology AQA paper 1 - Duration: 15:15. Procedure:eval(ez_write_tag([[580,400],'psychologyhub_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',111,'0','0'])); Those who had witness the man holding a pen correctly identified the target 49% of the time, compared to those who had witness the man holding a knife, who correctly identified the target 33% of the time. It has happened time and time again. Laboratory based studies have generally shown impaired recall in people who have witnessed unpleasant or anxiety-inducing situations (e.g., research by Loftus). Loftus believed that the anxiety caused by the weapon (i.e., blood –stained knife) narrowed the focus of attention for the witness and took attention away from the face of the man – therefore making their recall (EWT) less detailed and less accurate. Loftus and palmer were interested in seeing how misleading questions affected eyewitness testimony, they conducted a lab experiment in which 45 students were shown films of traffic accidents, they were then asked a question about how fast the car was going, students were either given the verb hit, smashed, contacted, collided or bumped. Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable due to conditions at the scene of a crime, memory “contamination” and misrepresentation during trial. Cohen describes “erroneous eyewitness testimony” as being the “leading cause of wrongful conviction”. Accuracy was better for group 1 showing that attention is drawn to the weapon thus decreasing the accuracy of EWT. This study did not lack mundane realism as the participants were real witnesses. The guilt or innocence of people is often decided on the accuracy of the memories of eyewitnesses. A key factor is the use of misleading information (information that suggests a desired response), especially in the form of leading questions and post-event discussion. There are factors that affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony such as emotions, fundamental attribution bias, face recognition in other races, leading questions and many more. Eye witness testimonies are accounts from witnesses to a crime or accident given as evidence in a court or to the police. They asked participants to estimate the speed of two cars, changing cues provided in the question. Eye witness testimonies are the evidence given in court or in police investigation by someone who has witnessed a crime or an accident. Eyewitness testimony is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. Outline and evaluate leading questions and post-event discussion as factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (16 marks) Describe: Leading questions are phrased in a way that influences/prompts a certain response Research: Two conditions shown the same video. Numerous factors may affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, which may lead to people being convicted of crimes they did not commit. Witnesses are particularly inaccurate, studies show, when asked to remember the facial features of someone of... ...Outline and evaluate research into how anxiety affects eye witness testimony If PsychBoost is helping in your studies, consider https://www.patreon.com/psychboost - I'm making A-level psych perks for patreons! Key Study into EWT – * Deffenbacher – MA of studies found considerable support for a negative correlation between anxiety and EWT meaning the more anxious the less accurate their testimonies were. Ashleigh Precoma Eyewitness Testimony 2 After 48 hours of being deprived of food and After being criticised for its supposed simplicity, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory model. Evidence: For example, participants in condition 2 witnessed quite a disturbing scene – the confederate leaving the office holding the blood stained knife. Victims may simply misremember or misreport what they have seen. Mark Maldonado The weapon focus effect phenomenon as identified by Loftus 1979, she asked participants to sit outside a laboratory where they thought they were hearing a genuine exchange between people inside the laboratory. Juries tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of information. However this study lacked mundane realism. There is conflicting evidence about the effect of stress and anxiety on the accuracy of EWT (i.e., the accuracy of witness recall). We've all experienced, at one time or another, our own memories failing us at times, and this may have been due to a number of factors. Description, AO1 – Research into factors (anxiety) affecting the accuracy of EWT: Loftus (1979), This study aimed to investigate effect of anxiety levels on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. One of the most widely known studies into anxiety affecting eyewitness testimony is Loftus’ study to find out if anxiety during a witnessed incident affects the accuracy of later identification. There is an organization called the Innocence Laboratory based studies have generally shown impaired recall in people who have witnessed unpleasant or anxiety-inducing situations (e.g., research by Loftus). Cognitive psychologists believe that under stressful situations a person can encode the Research into eye witness testimonies being affected by anxiety is mixed and It is believed that eye witness testimony is most accurate when the anxiety level is somewhere in between low and high anxiety. An example of the affect factors such as leading questions can have on eyewitness testimonies is the … * Linked to anxiety – if there is a weapon involved is attention driven only to weapon? cardinal ascription prejudice. ...Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eye witness testimony. Refers to the use of eye or ear witnesses in court or in police statements about the identity of someone who has committed a crime. the other half was not. Outline and Evaluate research into coding/capacity/duration of STM and LTM (8/10) 12. There has been a vast amount of interest into eyewitness testimony (EWT). Loftus then supplied participants with 50 photos and asked them to identify the man who had come out of the room. expert testimony is based on ‘a reliable body of knowledge or experience’.15 Combining both these empirical and legal questions, we argue that the categorical rejection of all expert evidence on the credibility and reliability of witness testimony is not justified, but nor is … The knife became the central detail and was what the participants focussed on and the man’s face became the peripheral detail, which meant that it was unlikely that it would be remembered accurately. Research into this area has found that eyewitness testimony can be affected by many psychological factors including anxiety and stress, reconstructive memory and also the use of leading questions. Misleading information is where a person may be asked a question to either provoke a specific answer or lead the witness to an out of context situation. There isn’t a simple relationship between emotional arousal and the accuracy of EWT. Factors which can influence EWT are; misleading questions, post event information, emotional arousal, stress, cognitive interview, weapon focus effect and age. Among those who were under moderate stress (not threatened with physical Here is some good news; compared to the old specification, the new AS and A-level psychology content you’re required to know for factors affecting eyewitness testimony have reduced. Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Identification . In the experimental condition, participants were subject to a hostile discussion, followed by the sound of breaking glass and overturned furniture, a man then emerged from the room holding a knife covered in blood. Eyewitness testimony is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. Furthermore, jurors tend to rely on factors that are known not to strongly predict identification accuracy. Essay Plans. I.e. “Eyewitness testimony is so unreliable that it should never be used in convicting criminals”. In 1976, the Devlin report examined over 2000 identity parades in the U.K. Of the 2000 parades, 45% resulted in a suspect being identified and out of these, 82% were eventually convicted of a crime. It refers to; an account given by person(s) of an event they’ve witnessed. Exposure time to the event or object of focus is an event factor. Majo Outline and evaluate the research into eyewitness testimony. stress) were correct. ... identify three factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness Factors that Influence EWT Innocent people are mistaken far more often that people think. In a military study on highly stressful interrogations (Morgan et al. Investigated how misleading information can alter memory post event. harm), 76% were right. The multi store /Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model was first recognised in 1968 by Atkinson and Shiffrin. Using trial simulation methods, research demonstrates that jurors are often insensitive to the factors that are known to influence eyewitness memory: stress experienced by the witness, weapon focus, and the influence of suggestive identification procedures. Evaluation: This is a weakness as it goes against Loftus’ finding that anxiety reduces EWT accuracy and suggests that anxiety-creating situations don’t always divert attention from important features of the situation.eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'psychologyhub_co_uk-box-4','ezslot_3',113,'0','0'])); (2) Point: Loftus’s study can be criticised as being unethical. Some witnesses has seen the incident close, while some from further away. information incompletely or inaccurately (Deffenbacher, Bornstein, Penrod, &McGorty, 2004). Outline and evaluate how retrieval failure due to the absence of cues leads to forgetting (12 marks AS, 16 marks A-level) Factors affecting eyewitness testimony. Many people throughout Western North Carolina believe eyewitness testimony is one of the most solid types of evidence in criminal cases. In over 300 cases, the eyewitness testimony was the sole “evidence” used in conviction. Two Caucasian male tar… Moreover the participants were awaiting for something to happen to therefore you result in demand characteristics. The significance of eyewitness testimony was highlighted in this report and resulted in much more research being undertaken. Evaluation, AO3 of Loftus (1979) research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of EWT. Evidence: For example, Christianson and Hubinette (1993) studied the recall of witnesses to real bank robberies. 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